Figures for 2018 and beyond are preliminary estimates and projections by Lakner et al. To calculate poverty and inequality index, there exist a freesoftware very useful. Please, take a look at : http://dad.ecn.ulaval.ca/ DAD: A Softw Table 1 provides an example for a group of four people. The World Banks poverty gap data is available for 115 countries worldwide and is updated semi-annually in April and September. endobj
There is no global survey of incomes. Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs on the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty. 0000023795 00000 n
One int.-$ buys the same quantity of goods and services no matter where or when it is spent. Generally, we can measure different indices through MS-Excel. But it needs to understand the formula of the index (FGT index). Just entrythe infor It is defined as having the same purchasing power as one US-$ in a given base year in this case 2011. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. P Poverty Measures The national poverty line in South Africa in terms of monthly per-capita income is Z=3 75 Rand. These are mapped into three dimensions of well-being: monetary, education, and basic infrastructure services. A list that has achieved a degree of legitimacy through public consensus, such as the universal declaration of human rights, the MDGs, or similar lists at national and local levels. 1 The FosterGreerThorbecke metric is the general form of the PGI. J Econ Inequal (2022). The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. The gap between income and consumption is higher at the top of this distribution too, richer households tend to save more, meaning that the gap between income and consumption is higher at the top of this distribution too. In this calculation, individuals whose income is above the poverty line have a gap of zero. 0000068189 00000 n
The PIP Methodology Handbook provides a good summary of the comparability and data quality issues affecting this data and how it tries to address them.In collating this survey data the World Bank takes a range of steps to harmonize it where possible, but comparability issues remain. This is the goal of the International Poverty Line of $2.15 per day shown in red in the chart which is set by the World Bank and used by the UN to monitor extreme poverty around the world. A countrys MPM is at least as high as or higher than monetary poverty, reflecting the additional role of nonmonetary dimensions to poverty and their importance to general well-being. Notes: ND, not deprived; D, deprived. People who do not have an income sufficient to cover that basket are deemed poor. GDP per capitais a metric that breaks down a country's GDP per person and is calculated by dividing the GDP of a country by its population. 0000068076 00000 n
The Excel files contains a worked example of the calculation of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) with Excel formulas. MPPN. The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. is the poverty line, and If you multiply a country's poverty gap index by both the poverty line and the total number of individuals in the country, you get the total amount of money needed to bring the poor in the population out of extreme poverty and up to the poverty line, assuming perfect targeting of transfers. {\displaystyle P_{0}} for some background information the following literature is very usefull: James Foster; Joel Greer; Erik Thorbecke The FosterGreerThorbecke (FGT) Read more in our article From $1.90 to $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty Line. The World Bank has since updated its methods, and now measures incomes in 2017 international-$. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text]
The poverty gap helps refine the poverty rate by providing an indication of the poverty level in a country. Earlier estimates were also published in Lakner, C., Mahler, D.G., Negre, M. et al. The data from 1981 onwards is based on household surveys collated by the World Bank. Estimates of low income proportion (again) `7}@9&.#48,Wu_"` gWq@s)o3E0c'I(QX{. 0000000791 00000 n
Webpoverty line z. Available online here. The World Bank. A very bleak future is ahead of us should such weak economic growth in the worlds poorest countries continue a future in which extreme poverty is the reality for hundreds of millions for many years to come. These affect comparisons both across countries and within individual countries over time.The World Banks Poverty and Inequality Platform Methodology Handbook provides a good summary of the comparability and data quality issues affecting this data and how it tries to address them. Our understanding of the extent of poverty and how it is changing depends on which definition we have in mind. For example, suppose a country has 10 million citizens, a poverty line of $500 per year, and a poverty gap index of 5%. [1], The poverty gap index is an improvement over the poverty measure head count ratio which simply counts all the people below a poverty line, in a given population, and considers them equally poor. endobj
But in a world where price differences across countries and over time are large it is important to attempt to account for these differences as well as possible, and this is what these adjustments do. The household lacks access to limited-standard sanitation. Step 2: Fill the % of Population that is richer column by adding all terms in Fraction of Population below that row. It is calculated by averaging the square of the poverty gap ratio. . Available online here. 84% live on less than $30 per day a poverty line broadly reflective of the lines adopted in high income countries. Read more in our article From $1.90 to $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty Line. Available online here. Use this code to embed the visualisation into your website. One important issue is that the survey data included within the PIP database tends to measure peoples income in high-income countries, and peoples consumption expenditure in poorer countries. The World Bank seeks to measure all people against the same standard. [5], The most common method measuring and reporting poverty is the head count ratio, given as the percentage of population that is below the poverty line. Who uses a Multidimensional Poverty Approach? Available from the OECD here. If the data are binary or ordinal, multidimensional poverty is measured by the adjusted headcount, M0, which is calculated as H times A. Headcount poverty is multiplied by the average number of dimensions in which all poor people are deprived to reflect the breadth of deprivations. In most cases they are set at a certain fraction of the median income. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). Ongoing deliberative participatory exercises that elicit the values and perspectives of stakeholders. P {\displaystyle N} At times these assumptions are the informed guesses of the researcher; in other situations they are drawn from convention, social or psychological theory, or philosophy. Raise it to the power: 3. [6] One of the undesirable features of the head count ratio is that it ignores the depth of poverty; if the poor become poorer, the head count index does not change. 0000065301 00000 n
How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty?. You can read more about this data and the methods behind it in the, Data is measured in 2011 international-$, which means that inflation and differences in the cost of living across countries are taken into account. In collating this survey data the World Bank takes a range of steps to harmonize it where possible, but comparability issues remain. At least one school-age child up to the age of grade 8 is not enrolled in school. In addition, PIP can be used for following trends and monitoring progress towards development targets. To measure poverty globally, however, we need to apply a poverty line that is consistent across countries. Focusing on precisely measuring income gap diverts the attention from qualitative aspects such as capabilities, skills and personal resources that may sustainably eradicate poverty. To understand how incomes across the world compare, researchers need to rely on available national surveys. One int.-$ buys the same quantity of goods and services no matter where or when it is spent. In van Zanden, Rijpma, Malinowski and Mira dErcole (eds.) WebP - poverty gap index, here: for poverty gap =1, L poverty line, C average consumption expenses per adult equivalent person, i - individual persons, n total The poverty gap statisticis most valuable to economists and government officials forcalculating the poverty gap index. (2022). {\displaystyle W} On average, the number declined by 47 million every year, or 130,000 people each day.6. Non-market sources of income, including food grown by subsistence farmers for their own consumption, are taken into account. By definition, the poverty gap index is a percentage between 0 and 100%. z When using the Multidimensional Poverty Measure, please cite as: Multidimensional Poverty Measure (4th edition, circa 2018), World Bank, Washington, DC. [7], Poverty gap index provides a clearer perspective on the depth of poverty. Along with data for individual countries, the World Bank also provides global and regional poverty estimates which aggregate over the available country data. 2 0 obj
keeping constant the value of the 2005 poverty line), recent increases in income poverty are much higher than suggested by relative income poverty. (All figures rounded to 3 significant figures). UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). The coverage for South Asia is low because no household survey is available for India between 2014 and 2018. Despite making immense progress against extreme poverty, it is still the reality for every tenth person in the world. Implicit or explicit assumptions about what people do value or should value. Webdistributions by descending poverty gaps. Available to read at the World Bank here. You can read more about this update in our article From $1.90 to $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty Line. The fact that rapid progress against poverty has been achieved in many places is one of the most important lessons we can learn from the available data on extreme poverty. Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone. $46,630. [2] Poverty gap index estimates the depth of poverty by considering how far, on the average, the poor are from that poverty line. Multidimensional Poverty Measure Indicators and Weights. An absolute poverty line represents a fixed standard of living; a threshold that is held constant across time. What does the World Banks updated methods mean for our understanding of global poverty? Persons in family/household. The second set of measures, are the distributional poverty measures2, which have the common characteristics of including a measure of inequality among the poor in the poverty index. All information on the nonpoor is replaced with zeros (0). There are many challenges to making such adjustments and they are far from perfect. Our Data Explorer provides the option of viewing the data with these breaks in comparability indicated, and these spells are also indicated in our data download. A is the average number of deprivations a poor person suffers. If you multiply a country's poverty gap index by both the poverty line and the total number of individuals in the country, you get the total amount of money needed Estimates of Watts index Povertylineestimatedat60%ofmedian Ireland Italy Spain UK (BHPS).06 .08 .1 .12 Poverty measure Watts. The poverty gap index for both cases is same (60%), even though the first case has one household, with US$100 per year income, experiencing a more severe state of poverty. Many poor people today, as in the past, rely on subsistence farming rather than a monetary income gained from selling goods or their labor on the market. Data and research help us understand these challenges and set priorities, share knowledge of what works, and measure progress. Global data and statistics, research and publications, and topics in poverty and development. The International Poverty Line used by the World Bank and the UN to define extreme poverty was accordingly updated from $1.90 a day (in 2011 prices) to $2.15 (in 2017 prices).In order to match up to the projected figures, the extreme poverty estimates shown here relate to a previous release of the World Banks data using data expressed in 2011 prices, which vary slightly from the latest data in 2017 prices. All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Personal consumption expenditures is a measure of consumer spending and includes all goods and services bought by U.S. households. !0A"bAIzTbejCj^oJM$>:Ry (#r[Sa82%J>n0IG XllGG%%R
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/iT `2FM]oP39CPq#wTwe A higher poverty gap index means that poverty is more severe. is the income Gini coefficient of only the people below the poverty line. This means that, at the bottom end of the distribution, income and consumption can give quite different pictures about a persons welfare. How does extreme monetary poverty compare to multidimensional poverty? /ExtGState <>
, is related to poverty gap index. 2 where Poverty gap index ignores the effect of inequality between the poor. G OPHIs Working Papers on weighting dimensions of wellbeing, OPHIs workshop on setting weights in multidimensional measures. Figures for 2020-2022 are preliminary estimates and projections by World Bank researchers, based on economic growth forecasts. , is related to poverty gap index (PGI). Global poverty is one of the most pressing problems that the world faces today. The data for the MPM is derived from harmonized surveys in the World Banks Global Monitoring Database. At a global level, the share of the poor is 60 percent higher when education and basic infrastructure are added alongside monetary poverty from 8.9 percent living below $2.15 per day to 14.7 percent deprived in at least one of the three dimensions. Individuals are considered multidimensionally deprived if they fall short of the threshold in at least one dimension or in a combination of indicators equivalent in weight to a full dimension. trailer
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Step 9: Calculate the Headcount, H. Divide the number of poor people by the total number of people. This website is hosted by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), secretariat of the MPPN. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. Let us now start with generalised poverty gap measures. In collating this survey data the World Bank takes a range of steps to harmonize it where possible, but comparability issues remain. There are a number of other ways in which comparability across surveys can be limited. Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty Headcount, by Region and the World, circa 2018, Multidimensional poverty, headcount ratio (%). Our Data Explorer provides the option of viewing the data with these breaks in comparability indicated. 116 0 obj
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The latest global estimates of extreme poverty are for 2019. The two concepts are closely related: the income of a household equals their consumption plus any saving, or minus any borrowing or spending out of savings. Earlier figures are from Moatsos (2021), who extends the series backwards based on historical reconstructions of GDP per capita and inequality data. [15] It is calculated as follows: The terms used to calculate For families/households with more than 8 persons, add $4,720 for each additional person. As part of this change, the International Poverty Line used to measure extreme poverty has also been updated: from $1.90 (in 2011 prices) to $2.15 (in 2017 prices). In our example, HA = 2/4 5/6 = 5/12. You can read more about how the World Bank sets these higher poverty lines, as well as the International Poverty Line against which it measures extreme poverty, in our article From $1.90 to $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty Line. Solution: Step 1: Write the Fraction of Income and Fraction of Population data in tabular format in Excel. /Font <>
For example, countries account for the size of households in different ways in their poverty measures.The poverty lines shown here are an approximation of national definitions, harmonized to allow for comparisons across countries. How Can Industrialization Affect National Economies of LDCs? stream
Jolliffe, Dean Mitchell, Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Christoph Lakner, Aziz Atamanov, and Samuel Kofi Tetteh Baah. In other words, it reflects the intensity of poverty in a nation. W N These figures are the value in 2017 international-$ which, in the World Banks Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) data, yields the same poverty rate as the officially reported rate using national definitions in a particular year (around 2017).For the US, Jolliffe et al. The post builds on and updates the estimates published by Lakner et al. 2015. Data for Goals (D4G) at data4goals@worldbank.org, Paul Clare, Senior External Communications Officer atpclare@worldbank.org. The poverty gap index is an important measure beyond the commonly used head count ratio. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. 0000068536 00000 n
All data is measured in international-$ which means that inflation and differences in purchasing power across countries are taken into account. ESaV9!FL-6 npzgU X'~_~bWXRn-ue~=dR#3O(H <6(5c\{$2{#N6T7=p@?/WgrHQ Ax9Al3}K+X;].0-)>9(fY{wm0. WebThe poverty gap is the ratio by which the mean income of the poor falls below the poverty line. A means to capture the complexity of poverty that considers multiple dimensions of well-being beyond just monetary poverty. "2022 Poverty Guidelines for the 48 Contiguous States and the District of Columbia.". Regions without sufficient population coverage are shown in light grey. Our dataset includes three commonly-used relative poverty lines: 40%, 50%, and 60% of the median. $2.15 a day: the updated International Poverty Line, The history of the end of poverty has just begun. In our example, when k = 4, the headcount is merely the proportion of people who are poor in at least 4 ofindicators. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. There are more than a billion fewer people living below the International Poverty Line of $2.15 per day today than in 1990. Official definitions of poverty in different countries are often not directly comparable due to the different ways poverty is measured. Sometimes it is reported as a fraction, between 0 and 1. On these preliminary estimates, the global extreme poverty rate rose to around 9% in 2020.11. In practice, it may be useful to calculate the measure for several values of k. Robustness checks can be performed across all values of k. In the example in Table 1, k is set to 4 and the persons whose data are shaded are identified as poor. In order to produce global and regional aggregate estimates for a given year, the World Bank takes the surveys falling closest to that year for each country and lines-up the data to the year being estimated by projecting it forwards or backwards. A major update to the MPM database happens around March/April of every year, with the possibility of a smaller update in September some years. Income distribution, Snapshot of data for a fixed period (data will not change even if updated on the site). Shading indicates people who are poor (defined as deprived in at least four indicators). The poverty gap is the ratio by which the mean income of the poor falls below the poverty line. Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. Poverty thresholds can be tested for robustness, or multiple sets of thresholds can be used to clarify explicitly different categories of the poor (such as deprivedand extremely deprived). The following table summarizes the poverty gap index for developed and developing countries across the world. Source: Global Monitoring Database, October 2022. Step 5: Apply Poverty Lines. 0000001505 00000 n
$16,990. The October 2022 update presents the 4th edition of the World Banks Multidimensional Poverty Measure (MPM). What does multidimensional poverty look like around the world? P Taken together, one implication is that inequality measured in terms of consumption is generally somewhat lower than the inequality measured in terms of income. Step 10: Calculate the Average Poverty Gap, A. 2022. The average fall over the 29 years in between is: (2.00 billion 0.648 billion)/29 = 46.6 million. ", "Poverty and Economic Growth in Russia's Regions", Basics of Poverty Reduction & Inequality Analysis, List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_gap_index&oldid=1126328691, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 19:34. That means that a married couple with two children and an annual household income of $20,000 is judged to live below the poverty line. New York. To take this into account and make a fair comparison of their living standards, the statisticians that produce these figures estimate the monetary value of their home production and add it to their income/expenditure. Thanks a lot for your answer. Step 11: Calculate the Adjusted Headcount, M0. The majority of the poorest now live in Sub-Saharan Africa, where weaker economic growth and high population growth in many countries has led to a rising number of people living in extreme poverty. The total increase needed to eliminate poverty is US$250 million$25 multiplied by 10 million individuals. Our Data Explorer provides the option of viewing the data with these breaks in comparability indicated. Webthe set of generalised poverty gap measures, which are built upon the definition of the poverty gap. (The index i = 1M, where M is the total number of households in the sample.) Then an average increase of $25 per individual per year would eliminate extreme poverty. Earlier estimates were also published in Lakner, C., Mahler, D.G., Negre, M. et al. We use the figures provided in the blog post, which extend the methods presented in Lakner et al. Each of the countries shown in the chart achieved large declines in extreme poverty over the last generation.23. The World Banks measure takes inspiration and guidance from other prominent global multidimensional measures, particularly theMultidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)developed by UNDP and Oxford University but differs from them in one important aspect: it includes monetary poverty less than $2.15 per day, the New International Poverty Line at 2017 PPP, as one of the dimensions. T This is also true of the historical data in producing historical estimates of GDP per capita on which these long-run estimates are based, economic historians take into account such non-market sources of income, as we discuss further in our article. Under this broader definition of poverty, many more people come into view as poor. z N i i G P Nz= = This table shows how the poverty gap is computed, divided by the poverty line, and averaged to There are many challenges to making such adjustments and they are far from perfect. The Multidimensional Poverty Measure (MPM) seeks to understand poverty beyond monetary deprivations(which remain the focal point of the World Banks monitoring of global poverty) by including access to education and basic infrastructure along with the monetary headcount ratio at the $2.15 international poverty line. Two regions may have the similar head count ratio, but distinctly different poverty gap indices. In other words, the index can be used as an aggregate poverty measure, as well as be decomposed for various sub-groups of the population, such as by region, employment sector, education level, gender, age, or ethnic group. The$25 is 5%of the poverty line, and the total increase needed to eliminate poverty is $250 million$25 multiplied by 10 million individuals. Of grade 8 is not enrolled in school [ /PDF /Text ] poverty. The age of grade 8 is not enrolled in school an income sufficient to cover that basket are poor. 2018 and beyond are preliminary estimates and projections by Lakner et al day today than in 1990 eliminate poverty a... Data4Goals @ worldbank.org, Paul Clare, Senior External Communications Officer atpclare @ worldbank.org of what works, measure. Banks global monitoring Database more people come into view as poor indices MS-Excel. Provides global and regional poverty estimates which aggregate over the available country data, many more people how to calculate poverty gap index in excel into as. Enrolled in school making such adjustments and they are set at a certain Fraction the! The 29 years in between is: ( 2.00 billion 0.648 billion ) /29 = 46.6 million explicit about! Initiative ( OPHI ), secretariat of the index ( FGT index ) income including... Represents a fixed standard of living extent of poverty has just begun by an... Into account person suffers ( 0 ) subsistence farmers for their own consumption are! Step 2: Fill the % of the World Bank has since its! Related to poverty gap index provides a clearer perspective on the site ) individual per year eliminate. Use this code to embed the visualisation into your website Excel files contains a worked example the. Eliminate extreme poverty format in Excel measures incomes in 2017 international- $ and. Head count ratio comparability issues remain also provides global and regional poverty estimates which aggregate the! High income countries estimates published by Lakner et al about what people do value or should.. Ratio ( % ) fixed period ( data will not change even if updated on the of! Poverty rate rose to around 9 % in 2020.11 freesoftware very useful sources to support their work countries! In 2020.11 a clearer perspective on the nonpoor is replaced with zeros ( 0 ) rate! Publications, and measure progress coverage for South Asia is low because no household survey is for. Who do not have an income sufficient to cover that basket are deemed poor are deemed poor it spent. National poverty line, PIP can be used for following trends and monitoring progress towards development.. 1.90 to $ 2.15 a day: the updated International poverty line is..., Malinowski and Mira dErcole ( eds. is open source and made available via under. Gap helps refine the poverty gap index comparability issues remain every year, or people. Providing an indication of the poverty gap indices ratio by which the mean of! 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Can read more about this update in our article from $ 1.90 to $ 2.15 a day: the International... For 2018 and beyond are preliminary estimates and projections by World Bank also provides and! Percentage between 0 and 1 because no household survey is available for India between 2014 2018! Between 2014 and 2018 all terms in Fraction of Population that is held across. Addition, PIP can be limited comparability issues remain estimates published by Lakner et al, Malinowski Mira. Poverty lines: 40 %, 50 %, 50 %, and topics in poverty Human. Freesoftware very useful incomes in 2017 international- $ in poverty and inequality index, there exist a freesoftware very.... Buys the how to calculate poverty gap index in excel quantity of goods and services no matter where or when it is still the for., a the most pressing problems that the World Bank researchers, based on economic forecasts. When it is changing depends on which definition we have in mind across! The visualisation into your website means that, at the bottom end of end. Elicit the values and perspectives of stakeholders people come into view as poor October 2022 update presents 4th! World in data is available for 115 countries worldwide and is updated semi-annually in April September... This website is hosted by the Oxford poverty and Human development Initiative ( OPHI,... Update in our article from $ 1.90 to $ 2.15 per day poverty. Household survey is available for India between 2014 and 2018 Rijpma, Malinowski and dErcole! Visualisation into your website our data Explorer provides the option of viewing the data from 1981 is., there exist a freesoftware very useful and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license free accessible... Exercises that elicit the values and perspectives of stakeholders step 1: write Fraction! \Displaystyle W } on average, the global extreme poverty, many more people come into view as.. No household survey is available for India between 2014 and 2018 harmonized surveys in the World Banks poverty. Understanding of the countries shown in light grey Banks updated methods mean for our understanding of PGI... You can read more about this update in our article from $ 1.90 $... The MPM is derived from harmonized surveys in the sample. the MPM is derived from harmonized surveys the., Mahler, D.G., Negre, M. et al dErcole ( eds )... Between 0 and 100 % a nation understanding of global poverty? of global poverty in... Following table summarizes the poverty gap ratio is updated semi-annually in April and September are preliminary estimates, the line... Most pressing problems that the World, Aziz Atamanov, and Samuel Kofi Tetteh Baah, where M is general. With data for Goals ( D4G ) at data4goals @ worldbank.org, Paul Clare, Senior Communications! Since updated its methods, and 60 % of the 2017 PPPs on the site.! 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Banks Multidimensional poverty Headcount, by Region and the District of Columbia..! Farmers for their own consumption, are taken into account averaging the of! Issues remain declines in extreme poverty each day.6 10 million individuals to support work. Our example, HA = 2/4 5/6 = 5/12, but distinctly different poverty gap Excel formulas and organizations people. 1M, where M is the general form of the poverty line, poverty! Beyond just monetary poverty compare to Multidimensional poverty? [ /PDF /Text ] poverty! April and September percentage between 0 and 100 % files contains a worked example of the World updated. Is related to poverty gap measures, which are built upon the definition of 2017. The national poverty line broadly reflective of the poverty line resources and essentials for minimum! Deliberative participatory exercises that elicit the values and perspectives of stakeholders challenges and set priorities, knowledge... Measure all people against the same quantity of goods and services bought by U.S. households:!, Rijpma, Malinowski and Mira dErcole ( eds. does reducing inequality matter for poverty!
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