floating arm trebuchet efficiency

The mechanical advantage is primarily obtained by having the projectile section of the beam much longer than the opposite section where the force is applied usually four to six times longer.[16]. "[100] The traction trebuchet continued to serve as an anti-personnel weapon. Something does not work as expected? They were commonly called stone-throwing machines, thunder carriages, and stone carriages in the following centuries. Basically a one-man traction trebuchet, it was used by troops of emperor Nikephoros II Phokas around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. Of these models, the mathematical model of each was determined. One modern technological development, especially for the competitive pumpkin-hurling events, is the "floating arms" design. Minimum age: 14Availability: out of stock. [38], According to the Miracles of Saint Demetrius, probably written around 620 by John, Archbishop of Thessaloniki, the Avaro-Slavs attacked Thessaloniki in 586 with traction trebuchets. The record-holder in that contest for trebuchets is the Yankee Siege II from New Hampshire, which at the 2013 WCPC Championship tossed a pumpkin 2835.8ft (864.35 metres). Trebuchets compete in one of the classifications of machines used to hurl pumpkins at the annual pumpkin chucking contest held in Sussex County, Delaware, U.S. Both the traction and counterweight trebuchets have been called mangonel at one point or another. At the siege of Marand in 848, traction trebuchets were used, "reportedly killing 100 and wounding 400 on each side during the eight-month siege. "[27] However according to Joseph Needham, the large tank in the middle was the counterweight, while the bulb at the end of the arm was for adjusting between fixed and swinging counterweights. [18] Further increasing their complexity is that either winches or treadwheels, aided by block and tackle, are typically required to raise the more massive counterweights. The hinged trebuchet achieved efficiencies of 0.8065 for both range and energy efficiency and the "see-saw" with efficiencies of only 0.567 and 0.570, respectively. [147], Modern recreation of a Mongol-era traction trebuchet, Inner Mongolia Museum, 19th century French drawing of a medieval counterweight trebuchet, A modern improvised trebuchet erected by rioters in Hrushevskoho Street, Kiev, Ukraine, 2014, Counterweight trebuchet at Chteau des Baux, France, A scale model of a trebuchet, based on the design of the "Warwolf". on Introduction. This is bad because it adds stress to the frame when it re-contacts the ground, and could (And I think it did) derail the axle.1. 3. How to calculate the Resultant force due to a Lever arm? From the First Crusade (10961099) onward, there does not appear to be any discernible difference in the technology of siege engines employed by Muslim and Frankish forces, and by the Third Crusade (11891192), both sides seemed well acquainted with the enemy's siege weapons, which "appear to have been remarkably similar. I purchased a set of plans from here, for a whopping $7. In response, the Seljuks constructed another one requiring 400 men to pull and threw stones weighing 20 kg. According to a stele in Barkul celebrating Tang Taizong's conquest of what is now Ejin Banner, the engineer Jiang Xingben made great advancements on trebuchets that were unknown in ancient times. Insert a 2" (5cm) piece of round dowel into one of the remaining holes. The Floating Arm Trebuchet is a counterweight siege weapon which is a modern variation of the medieval trebuchet.Their defining feature is free movement of an axle on the throwing arm, and a linear drop channel for the counterweight.The design and construction of such machines is a popular project assignment in post-secondary engineering classes. Watch headings for an "edit" link when available. "[89] Reservations on the counterweight trebuchet's destructive capability were expressed by Viollet-le-Duc, who "asserted that even counterweight-powered artillery could do little more than destroy crenellations, clear defenders from parapets and target the machines of the besieged. [137] Instead of using the traditional axle fixed to a frame, these devices are mounted on wheels that roll on a track parallel to the ground, with a counterweight that falls directly downward upon release, allowing for greater efficiency by increasing the proportion of energy transferred to the projectile. Power Source. See pages that link to and include this page. According to Matthew of Edessa, this machine weighed 3,400 kg and caused a number of casualties to the city's defenders. 2. Use the 5" (12.5 cm) pieces of paint stirrer and the four 6" (15 cm) square dowel pieces to form the glide rails. concentration. You can find the lesson plan, 1-page project sheet, and more project ideas at STEM-Inventions.com. "[38] Evidence from Gaul and Germania suggests there was substantial loss of skills and techniques in artillery further west. The design of a trebuchet allows it to launch projectiles of greater weights and further distances than that of a traditional catapult. Runner Up in the Make it Move Contest 2016. He brushed some of the snow away and it was suddenly blatantly obvious. Step 8: Mount wheels. Make someone happy. The leftover energy goes into battering the axle trucks into the stops, and the hanger into the upper arm stop. the wheels:-height to top of arm when at rest 9 inches. with ballistic toys? Click here to see our complete line of models and kits. In 2021, an individual named David Eade designed a trebuchet reaching supersonic speed. Once the arm and counterweight are swinging smoothly, use two scraps of wood to close off the top of the drop channel. However, you may be able to glue four square chopsticks into a thicker beam. doctor with a keen knack for investing, all because someone bought him Skilled in new technology research, proof-of-concept development, innovation planning and long-term strategy to unify business interests with technological advancements. [27][28] By the 1st century AD, commentators were interpreting other passages in texts such as the Zuo zhuan and Classic of Poetry as references to the traction trebuchet: "the guai is 'a great arm of wood on which a stone is laid, and this by means of a device [ji] is shot off and so strikes down the enemy. It was determined that the optimal arm length ratio was approximately 1:2, where the short . It stands for Floating Axle King Arthur. The floating-arm type is distinct from the ordinary trebuchet in that its arm has no fixed pivot; that is, it "floats" during a launch. However no other details on the machine are given. [19], A trebuchet projectile can be almost anything, even debris, rotting carcasses, or incendiaries, but is typically a large stone. Currently making a cardboard trebuchet prototype for the Science Olympiad from the cover picture and I'd like to stop a moment and appreciate how un-janky this is even when I'm using no dimensions whatsoever :) Even if you don't have the materials, following the trebuchet's basic design by eye does actually get good results. The hole nearest the end of the arm maximizes the speed of the projectile, but it may not perform as well with heavier projectiles. Step 2: Mark frame. This is the floating arm trebuchet with a sling. A paperclip with greater curve will give a delayed release and a straighter trajectory. Below is a picture of the first FAKA ever made with the important parts which are shown labeled. [36], The catapult, the account of which has been translated from the Greek several times, was quadrangular, with a wide base but narrowing towards the top, using large iron rollers to which were fixed timber beams "similar to the beams of big houses", having at the back a sling, and at the front thick cables, enabling the arm to be raised and lowered, and which threw "enormous blocks into the air with a terrifying noise". Although rarely used as a weapon today, trebuchets maintain the interest of professional and hobbyist engineers. The pole was used as a shot for fixing in the ground and the user could then throw missiles at the enemy from a static position. Trebuchets were still used both at the siege of Burgos (14751476) and siege of Rhodes (1480). Michael the Syrian noted that at the siege of Balis in 823 it was the defenders that suffered from bombardment rather than the fortifications. The projectile is thrown when the beam is quickly rotated by applying force to the opposite end of the beam. Check out how this page has evolved in the past. 4. Both Liang and Needham note that the illustrations are poorly drawn and confusing, leading to mislabeling. This project requires precision to work consistently. I'm tired of culling search hits for kits and plans being peddled by entities that have no concise explanation for FAT principles and operation. The earliest depiction of a hybrid trebuchet is dated to 1462, when trebuchets had already become obsolete due to cannons. [68] Illustrations produced later in 1270 depicted fixed counterweight trebuchets used at the siege. The entire argument for the existence of hybrid trebuchets rests on accounts of increasingly more effective siege weapons. You are using an out of date browser. The payload could be thrown a far distance and do considerable damage, either by smashing down walls or striking the enemy while inside their stronghold. The floating arm trebuchet is a modern take on an ancient war machine. (Velocity and Acceleration of a Tennis Ball). [39], The traction trebuchet was most efficient as an anti-personnel weapon, used in a supportive position alongside archers and slingers. A floating arm Trebuchet allows a straight drop of the counterweight which results in more efficiency. If you have a hundred of those machines, then when you are ready to march, each wooden pole can be carried by only four men. It also has a better efficiency than the counterweight trebuchet. The trebuchet is 2 meters (6,5 ft) high.Blueprints:http://postimg.org/image/qzydc1109/http://postimg.org/image/8mxs1gqjd/http://postimg.org/image/htg2oqvrt/(Sorry for bad quality) (July 1995). PDF fileOperation Trebuchet: Efficiency of the Floating Arm Tyler Thibodeau, Drew Prosser, Kevin Chan, and Jack Stevenson 31. [113][114], Most trebuchet use in recent centuries has been for recreational or educational, rather than military purposes. This awesome. This is where the projectile will be attached. Although less accurate, traction trebuchets might be expected to achieve the same result, albeit with more shots, in a similar amount of time. Trebuchet - Rose-Hulman. It first appeared in China in the 4th century BC. Thanks for sharing! The sling starts rotating with the beam, but rotates farther (typically about 360) and therefore faster, transmitting this increased speed to the projectile. Carried westward by the Avars, the technology was adopted by the Byzantines in the late 6th century AD and by their neighbors in the following centuries. And you know where that leads First, physics, Trebuchets use a long arm to throw projectiles farther than traditional. [87] On the side of caution, historians such as John France, Christopher Marshall, and Michael Fulton emphasize the still considerable difficulty of reducing fortifications with siege artillery. With our machine running at 100% proficiency, we figured it would throw 90.3 meters. [6] Only in the late 1210s do variations of "trebuchet" in sources, described as increasingly powerful machines or utilizing different components, identify more closely with the counterweight trebuchet. On the side of the counterweight engine as a medieval military revolution, historians such as Sydney Toy, Paul Chevedden, and Hugh Kennedy consider its power to have caused significant changes in medieval warfare. This results in the counterweight's residual swing being minimized, indicating a more efficient energy transfer. Posts : 6,885. [69] Possible references to counterweight trebuchets also appear for the second siege of Tyre in 1124, where the crusaders reportedly made use of "great trebuchets". [41][42] Like the Chinese, by 653, the Arabs also had ship mounted traction trebuchets. The drop channel between the pair of dowels on each side of the base is 1/4" (6 mm) wide. View wiki source for this page without editing. View and manage file attachments for this page. yourself happy. Although the murlin trebuchet has an efficiency of 90% it is a lot more difficult to construct and would take to . [102] The counterweight-trebuchet could also be used for cover fire and as an anti-personnel weapon. As mentioned, the angle of the paperclip is a key variable, as well as the type of projectile, and the length of string that its attached to. Set up the trebuchet. [138] A more radical design; Jonathan, Orion, and Emmerson Stapleton's "walking arm",[139] described as "a stick falling over with a huge counterweight on top of the stick"[140] debuted in 2016[141] and in 2018 won both the Grand Champion Best Design and Middleweight Open Division of the 10th annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin Festival. In southern France during the Albigensian Crusade, sieges were a last resort and negotiations for surrender were common. [106][107], Counterweight trebuchets at the siege of Nicaea (1097), c. 1270[108], Counterweight trebuchet at the siege of Nicaea (1097), 1337[108], Mahmud of Ghazni attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zaranj in Sijistan (Nimruz province) in 1003 AD, from the Jami' al-tawarikh, c. 1306-18[1][2], 15th-century depiction of a counterweight trebuchet, 16th-century depiction of a counterweight trebuchet, Possibly a counterweight trebuchet (however text says cannon) from the Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng, 1726, Early 18th-century depiction of a Chinese ship armed with three counterweight trebuchets[109], With the introduction of gunpowder, the trebuchet began to lose its place as the siege engine of choice to the cannon. With. [72], The earliest solid reference to a "trebuchet" in European sources dates to the siege of Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda in 1199. Floating Arm Trebuchet, the most effecient catapult! Scientific American: 6671. 7 months ago Here are my troubleshooting tips that I discovered while tinkering and developing this project plan: The axles for the glide wheels bumps into the drop channel beams. The counterweight hits the glide rails while falling down. This variation features a drop channel, which allows the counterweight to fall straight down rather than swing with the arm. We are advocates for the incorporation of Indigenous knowledge systems and research methodologies within contemporary library practice. [96] The Templar of Tyre described the faster firing traction trebuchets as more dangerous to the defenders than the counterweight ones. Peter Purton suggests that this was simply because the machines became larger. It's easy if they have something fun to do while Most accounts of traction trebuchets describe them as light artillery weapons while actual penetration of defenses was the result of mining or siege towers. The glide wheels need to roll on a track that's wider than square chopsticks to work consistently. The floating-arm type is. A Floating Arm Trebuchet or F.A.T. "[90], In spite of the evidence regarding increasingly powerful counterweight trebuchets during the 13th century, "it remains an important consideration that not one of these appears to have effected a breach that directly led to the fall of a stronghold. [140] Another recent development is the "flywheel trebuchet,"[142] in which a flywheel is spun into rapid rotation to build up momentum before release. This is a more efficient way to transfer potential energy into kinetic energy at a small scale. The entire throwing arm runs on wheels set in a horizontal track and shifts to accommodate the counterweight This design appeared in the late 20th century and may be the most efficient design About the Competition [24][25][26], The first recorded use of traction trebuchets was in ancient China. A floating arm Trebuchet allows a straight drop of the counterweight which results in more efficiency. The 12th-century Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates may have been referring to a counterweight trebuchet when he described one equipped with a windlass, which is only useful to counterweight machines, at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. EN. Not much is heard of them afterwards. It has derailed several other times, but so far no major damage has occurred. Wow! [10] Other terms, such as machina maior/magna, might have also referred to counterweight trebuchets. Unlike traditional trebuchet, the Floating Arm Trebuchet allows the axis upon which the arm pivots to move along the horizontal axis. This is a more efficient way to transfer potential energy into kinetic energy at a small scale. Please message me to report broken links. [112], According to Paul E. Chevedden, a hybrid trebuchet existed that used both counterweight and human propulsion. It was a straight shot past Seggrit's usual setup area to the place their fourth trebuchet was set up. From this there rise up two posts having between them a horizontal bar which carries a single arm so that the top of the machine is like a swape. Set out a meter tape starting from the front of the base and lay on ground. Jiang Xingben participated in the construction of siege engines for Taizong's campaigns against the Western Regions. According to Liang Jieming, the "illustration shows its throwing arm disassembled, its counterweight locked with supporting braces, and prepped for transport and not in battle deployment. They work great over a huge range of mass ratios. New machines have been constructed and old ones restored by living history enthusiasts, for historical re-enactments, and use in other historical celebrations. The optimized sling length was 4.45 feet. The three models analyzed were the "see-saw", the hinged, and the floating arm trebuchet. The floating arm trebuchet uses a counterweight the vertically falls down a shaft created by two pieces of wood. [104] They could also be equipped with their own wheels, as shown in two 17th- and 18th-century Chinese illustrations, which are also the only Chinese depictions of counterweight trebuchets on land. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. How wide were your paint stirrers? I would like to work on the floating arm trebuchet because the design of it is more interesting and The long part of the trebuchet's throwing arm should be around 4 times longer than the shorter side. [31] In 617 Li Mi (Sui dynasty) constructed 300 trebuchets for his assault on Luoyang, in 621 Li Shimin did the same at Luoyang, and onward into the Song dynasty when in 1161, trebuchets operated by Song dynasty soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur against the ships of the Jin dynasty navy during the Battle of Caishi. a projectile shooting toy gun as a kid. General Wikidot.com documentation and help section. [15], A trebuchet consists primarily of a long beam attached by an axle suspended high above the ground by a stout frame and base, such that the beam can rotate vertically through a wide arc (typically over 180). Click here to toggle editing of individual sections of the page (if possible). "It'sThe Hurl itself that matters! When you make a purchase through these links, I may earn an affiliate commission at zero cost to you. [50] At the siege of Haizhou in 1161, a traction trebuchet was reported to have had a range of 200 paces (over 400 meters). Here's an even better reason- kids like to play with their parents and This was with 5 pounds of CW. General wisdom has a 5:1 ratio being the norm for a standard trebuchet, although 4:1 is sometimes used. The trebuchet must fit within an 8 ft cube, except for the throwing arm, which can be any length. "[39] The Byzantines adopted the traction trebuchet possibly as early as 587, the Persians in the early 7th century, and the Arabs in the second half of the 7th century. Basic physics will tell you your ideal launch angle in 45 degree in the absence of air resistance. During an assault on Muntcada by King James I a trebuchet was used to target a tower, destroying the structure and causing the consequential deaths of civilians and livestock. The space between the dowel pairs across the base is 1 1/2" (4 cm). Abstract A study was conducted on three models of the medieval siege engine, the trebuchet. The bombardment lasted for hours, but the operators were inaccurate and most of the shots missed their target. In 1984, the French engineer Renaud Beffeyte made the first modern reconstruction of a trebuchet, based on documents from 1324. This project requires precise measurements to work consistently. During the film, it hurls an incendiary projectile at Stirling Castle. Prior to 1268, the counterweight trebuchet may have been used in 1232 by the Jurchen Jin commander Qiang Shen. Looks like a lot of fun ! [101] At the Siege of Acre (1291), both traction and counterweight trebuchets were used. I know a 13 year-old who will have some fun with this one. you can. [95] There is no indication that the thickness of fortress walls increased exponentially rather than a modest increase of 0.5-1m between the 12th and 13th centuries. hey this is really cool but i was wondering instead of using square dowels could you use the old square disposable chopsticks (like the ones you get in Chinese restaurants)? Assemble the metal components with the square dowel in the center. "-TheHurl, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It had the highest efficiency in the class, launching a tennis ball around 15 feet with only 5 joules of energy. Confusion between the onager, mangonel, trebuchet, and other catapult types in contemporary terminology has led some historians today to use the more precise traction trebuchet instead, with counterweight trebuchet used to distinguish what was before called simply a trebuchet. It was probably also safer than the twisted cords of torsion weapons, "whose bundles of taut sinews stored up huge amounts of energy even in resting state and were prone to catastrophic failure when in use. [146], In 2014, during the Hrushevskoho street riots in Ukraine, rioters used an improvised trebuchet to throw bricks and Molotov cocktails at the Berkut. The later, and often larger and more powerful, counterweight trebuchet, also known as the counterpoise trebuchet, uses a counterweight to swing the arm. [63], There is some evidence that the counterweight trebuchet could be transported. [12][13] Some modern historians use mangonel to mean exclusively traction trebuchets, while others call traction trebuchets traction mangonels and counterweight trebuchets counterweight mangonels. A trebuchet (French: trbuchet) is a type of catapult that uses a long arm to throw a projectile. Al-Tarsusi referred to the counterweight trebuchet as the "Persian" trebuchet whereas the "Frankish" trebuchet was a light traction engine. [51], West of China, the traction trebuchet remained the primary siege engine until the 12th century when it was replaced by the counterweight trebuchet. Their defining feature is free movement of an axle on the throwing arm, and a linear drop channel for the counterweight. Form the base using two whole paint stirrers and the two 6" (cm) pieces. Another trebuchet I designed and built for a school project. I never knew you could make a trebuchet like that. Abstract A study was conducted on three models of the medieval siege engine, the trebuchet. [66] However the source for this was written in the 1180s to 1190s and Niketas may have been placing the engine of his own time anachronistically into the past. "The Trebuchet". Use hot glue and masking tape to attach the bent paperclip to the end of the arm. Known as the Huihui trebuchet (, where "huihui" is a loose slang referring to any Muslims), or Xiangyang trebuchet () because they were first encountered in that battle. The trebuchet gained significant interest from numerous news sources when in 2015 a burning missile fired from the siege engine struck and damaged a Victorian-era boathouse situated at the River Avon close by, inadvertently demonstrating the weapon's power. Make [125][126], The trebuchet's technical constructions were lost at the beginning of the 16th century. 6. These being fixed, hanging, and hinged counterweights. Step 1: Cut lumber. Counterweight trebuchet used in a siege from the Jami' al-tawarikh, c. 1306-18. The floating arm trebuchet uses rails to constrain the counterweight vertically and to allow the arm pivot to move horizontally. Click here to edit contents of this page. View and manage file attachments for this page. The oddity with this trebuchet is that it has no arm ratio as the counterweight sits at the very end of the arm, and the arm itself tends to be shorter. View wiki source for this page without editing. A large trebuchet based on Edward I's "Warwolf" was constructed for a scene in David Mackenzie's movie Outlaw King (2018)[citation needed] about Robert the Bruce, King of Scots. [145] The trebuchet was used to project explosives at government troops. Floating Arm Trebuchet. Some of these more powerful engines may have just been traction trebuchets, as one was described being pulled by ten thousand. [63][64] Hanging counterweights hang below the arm and drop vertically. It works by dropping a counterweight in the middle which is attached to the arm. Dense stone, or even metal, specially worked to be round and smooth, gives the best range and predictability. "[86] Accordingly, traditional fortifications became obsolete and had to be improved with new architectural structures to support defensive counterweight trebuchets. Summary: I want to make a floating arm trebuchet because I think it would look cool. English Deutsch Franais Espaol Portugus Italiano Romn Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Trke Suomi Latvian Lithuanian esk . A floating arm trebuchet has three points of contact where friction can interfere with efficiency. At the end of the arm there is a sling which holds the stone or stones, of weight and number depending on the stoutness of the arm. If it does not, the arm will slam into one then the other before it is released. Only in the late 1210s do references to "trebuchet", describing more powerful engines and different components, more closely align with the features of a counterweight trebuchet. The range given for projectiles are 300, 180, and 120 feet. Traction trebuchets use human power; on command, men pull ropes attached to the shorter end of the trebuchet beam. The longer the ratio, the greater the speed that tip of the throwing arm will reach - but also increasing the force required to move it quickly. 36, No. Men [suddenly] pull [ropes attached to the other] end, and so shoot it forth. The 5 degrees of freedom are the x and y coordinates of the projectile, the height of the counterweight, and the. The hinged trebuchet achieved efficiencies of 0.8065 for both range and energy efficiency and the "see-saw" with efficiencies of only 0.567 and 0.570, respectively. "[98], The counterweight trebuchet did not completely replace the traction trebuchet. The goal is to use the weight of the counterweight (rather than friction) to hold the pins in place. Finally, the mathematical models were compared to full scale models. [9], While some historians have described the counterweight trebuchet as a type of medieval super weapon, other historians have urged caution in overemphasizing its destructive capability. [But whether you use] the 'Whirlwind' type or the 'Four-footed' type depends upon the circumstances. Straighten out a paperclip and then fold it in half. Set the trigger by raising the counterweight above the holes and inserting the pins. The ASU Library acknowledges the twenty-three Native Nations that have inhabited this land for centuries. The rotation speed of the throwing beam increases smoothly, starting slow but building up quickly. The floating arm trebuchet is a counterweight siege weapon which is a modern variation of the medieval trebuchet. Download files and build them with your 3D printer, laser cutter, or CNC. ), Barrett, The Honors College Thesis/Creative Project Collection, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Program, Sharing Materials: ASU Digital Repository Guide, Trebuchet Mechanics: Modeling and Optimization of the Trebuchet. My floating arm trebuchet, built following a slightly modified version of Ron Tom's Plans.Still calibrating, but the range is in excess of 225 feet, my first. [133][134] The Stamford based YouTube personality and inventor Colin Furze created a 14 metres high trebuchet capable of throwing a washing machine in December 2020.[135][136]. [67] At the siege of Nicaea in 1097 the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos reportedly invented new pieces of heavy artillery which deviated from the conventional design and made a deep impression on everyone. Get started with small but dense items. -Floating-arm configuration Calculate efficiency -Based on distance thrown . The angle of the bend in the paperclip will determine the timing of the projectiles release. It combines the efficiency of a Floating Arm Trebuchet (FAT) with the increased potential energy of a King Arthur. [17] The trebuchet had further modifications to allow an increase to its range, by creating a slot for the sling and projectile to sit underneath the trebuchet, enabling the sling to be lengthened and thus extending the range, an alteration in the trajectory, or the release point to be changed. Then when you reach your destination, you encircle the city, set them up, and start shooting! Ropes of rice straw four inches thick and thirty-four feet long were joined together twenty at a time, draped on to the buildings from top to bottom, and covered with [wet] clay.
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